Litz Wire History and Design

출처 : http://www.newenglandwire.com

Litz Wire

For optimum performance, the Litz constructions covered in this section are made with individually insulated strands. Common magnet wire film insulations such as: polyvinylformal, polyurethane, polyurethane/nylon; solderable polyester, solderable polyester/nylon, polyester/polyamide-imide, and polyimide are normally used. The outer insulation and the insulation on the component conductors, in some styles, may be servings or braids of nylon, cotton, Nomex1, fiberglass or ceramic. Polyester, heat sealed polyester, polyimide and PTFE tape wraps along with extrusions of most thermoplastics are also available as outer insulation if the applications dictate special requirements for voltage breakdown or environmental protection.

Litz Design

Typically, the design engineer requiring the use of Litz knows the operating frequency and RMS current required for the application. Since the primary benefit of a Litz conductor is the reduction of A.C. losses, the first consideration in any Litz design is the operating frequency. The operating frequency not only influences the actual Litz construction, but is also used to determine the individual wire gauge. Ratios of alternating-current resistance to direct-current resistance for an isolated solid round wire (H) in terms of a value (X) are shown in Table 1.

The value of X for copper wire is determined by the following formula.

Where:
DM =Wire diameter in mils
FMHZ = Frequency in megahertz

From Table 1 and other empirical data the following table of recommended wire gauges vs. frequency for most Litz constructions has been prepared.

 

(참고 : 직경 단위 inch)

After the individual wire gauge has been determined and assuming that the Litz construction has been designed such that each strand tends to occupy all possible positions in the cable to approximately the same extent, the ratio of A.C. to D.C. resistance of an isolated Litz conductor can be determined from the following formula.

The D.C. resistance of a Litz conductor is related to the following parameters:

1. AWG of the individual strands.
2. Number of strands in the cable.
3. Factors relating to the increased length of the individual strands per unit length of cable (take-up). For normal Litz constructions a 1.5% increase in D.C. resistance for every bunching operation and a 2.5% increase in D.C. resistance for every cabling operation are approximately correct.

   The following formula derived from these parameters for the D.C. resistance of any Litz construction is:

   

   

   Following is an example of the calculations required to evaluate a Type 2 Litz construction consisting of 450 strands of 40 AWG single-film polyurethane-coated wire operating at 100 KHZ. This construction, designed with two bunching operations and one cabling operation, would be written 5x3/30/40 (NEW uses "x" to indicate a cabling operation and "/" to indicate a bunching operation).

4. Calculate the D.C. resistance of the Litz construction using formula 3.

   

5. Calculate the A.C. to D.C. resistance ratio using formula 2.

   

6. The A.C. resistance is, therefore, 1.0344 x 2.70 or 2.79 ohms/1 000 ft.

   The value of Litz can easily be seen if the above example is compared with a solid round wire with equivalent cross sectional area, 65.8 mils in diameter. Using the same operating parameters, the D.C. resistance is 2.395 ohms/ 1000 ft. However, the A. C./D.C. resistance ratio increases to approximately 21 .4 making the A. C. resistance 51 .3 ohms/ 1 000 ft.

    

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   출처 : http://www.baude.com/fileadmin/katalog/Katalog_2010_Techn.Daten/Umrechnungstabelle_AWG_18-1_bis_44.pdf