이공계 영어논문 작성#2

1. tense

As instructed, present tense is used for general contents, perfect or past tense for experimental results, and past tense for survey or results.

일반적인 내용은 현재시제를, 실험결과는 완료시제나 과거시제를, 조사나 결과는 과거시제를 사용한다.

2. Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives jointly modify the noun they precede. For clarity, hyphenate the compound adjectives.

복합 형용사는 다음에 오는 명사를 공동으로 수식한다. 명확성을 위해 복합 형용사에 하이픈을 넣습니다. 하이픈으로 연결된 복합 형용사 뒤에는 명사가 와야 한다.

Original: There was no correlation with butyric acid producing bacteria.
Revised: There was no correlation with butyric acid-producing bacteria.

3. Misplace modifier

A misplaced modifier refers to the improper positioning of the modifier in relation to what it is meant to describe. For clarity, reposition the modifier closer to the word/phrase it describes.

잘못 배치된 수식어는 설명하려는 내용과 관련하여 수식어의 부적절한 위치 지정을 나타낸다. 명확성을 위해 수식어를 설명하는 단어/문구에 더 가깝게 위치를 변경한다.

Original: The actual results correlated with the predictions by the model significantly.
Revised: The actual results significantly correlated with the model predictions.

4. Repeated words

The unnecessary repetition of the same article in a series tends to cause wordiness. Identify the repeated words and eliminate them.

연속적으로 동일한 의미의 단어들을 불필요하게 반복하는 것은 장황함을 유발하는 경향이 있다. 반복되는 단어를 식별하고 제거하라.

For example,
Original: We verified the samples using the source, the original, and the final images.
Revised: We verified the samples using the source, original, and final images.

For example,
Original: The teacher taught first-grade students, fifth-grade students, and sixth-grade students.
Revised: The teacher taught first-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students.

Phrases such as “complex 1” and “group C” should not be preceded by the article “the.” The letter or number appearing after the noun makes the noun unique, thus eliminating the need for an article.

"Complex 1" 및 "Group C"와 같은 문구 앞에 정관사 "the"를 두어서는 안 됩니다. 명사 뒤에 나타나는 문자나 숫자는 명사를 고유하게 만들어 관사의 필요성을 없앱니다.

5. dummy subject

A dummy subject generally serves as a grammatical filler. These sentences, which generally begin with “It” or “There,” should be rephrased to achieve tighter, concise writing. 

더미 주제는 일반적으로 문법 필러 역할을 합니다. 일반적으로 "It" 또는 "There"로 시작하는 이 문장은 더 타이트하고 간결하게 쓰도록 바꿔야 합니다.

For example,
Original: There were many people standing in line.
Revised: Many people were standing in line.

6. on the other hand

Please note that “on the other hand” is generally used in conjunction with “on the one hand” in a previous sentence to present opposing ideas/facts. 

"On the other hand"는 일반적으로 이전 문장과 반대되는 생각/사실을 제시하기 위해 사용된다는 점에 유의헤야 한다. 

7. casual words and phrases

In academic writing, casual words and phrases are best avoided, as they lend an informal tone. Words that create emphasis and may be subjective, such as “very,” “so,” “really,” "too," and “quite” should be avoided.

학술 작문에서 Casual words와 phrases는 비공식적인 어조를 제공하므로 피하는 것이 가장 좋다. "very", "so", "really", "too", "quite"와 같이 강조하고 주관적일 수 있는 단어는 피해야 한다.

8. Comma

When two complete sentences are combined using a comma it leads to an error called a “comma splice” – a type of run-on sentence. This can be corrected in one of three ways:
- replacing the comma with a semicolon,
- splitting the clauses into two sentences using a period,
- adding a coordinating conjunction such as and, or, nor, for, but, etc., after the comma.

두 개의 완전한 문장이 쉼표 만을 사용하여 결합되면 "comma splice"라는 오류가 발생한다. 다음 세 가지 방법 중 하나로 수정할 수 있다.
- 쉼표를 세미콜론으로 대체
- 마침표를 사용하여 절을 두 문장으로 나누기
- 쉼표 뒤에 and, or, nor, for, but 등과 같은 등위 접속사를 추가

For example,
Original: I went to the market, I met John.
Revision 1: I went to the market; I met John.
Revision 2: I went to the market. I met John.
Revision 3: I went to the market, and I met John.

9. Direct verb

Concise writing means using the fewest words necessary. One way to achieve conciseness is to use a direct verb rather than its noun form.

간결한 글쓰기는 필요한 최소한의 단어를 사용하는 것을 의미합니다. 간결함을 달성하는 한 가지 방법은 명사 형태가 아닌 직접 동사를 사용하는 것입니다.

For example,
Original: We performed an evaluation of all methods used previously.
Revised: We evaluated all methods used previously.

10. Since vs Because

“Since” and “because” are often used interchangeably in casual speech to indicate a cause. However, in technical writing, it is more precise to use “because” or “as” to indicate a cause and “since” to indicate the passage of time (e.g., since the 1960s).

“Since”와 “because”는 일상적인 대화에서 원인을 나타내기 위해 자주 같은 의미로 사용됩니다. 그러나 기술적인 문서 작성에서는 원인을 나타내기 위해 "Because" 또는 "As"를 사용하고 시간 경과를 나타내기 위해 "Since"를 사용하는 것이 더 정확하다.

11. Comparative Sentence

A comparative sentence is unclear if the structure is unbalanced. Use a balanced structure when writing such a sentence. One way to do this is by adding the missing preposition, sometimes preceded by a pronoun (that/those).

문장의 구조가 불균형하면 비교급 문장이 불분명하게 된다. 비교급 문장을 쓸 때는 균형 잡힌 구조를 사용하라. 이를 수행하는 한 가지 방법은 누락된 전치사를 추가하는 것이다. 때로는 앞에 대명사(that/those)가 오기도 한다.

For example,
Original: The variation intensity for sample A is higher than sample B.
Revised: The variation intensity for sample A is higher than that for sample B.

20. Words Often Confused

Affect: to change or modify (verb). 
Effect: result (noun); cause (verb).

Alternate: a substitute. 
Alternative: a matter of choice.

Compare to: point out resemblances between different objects. 
Compare with: point out differences between the same objects.

Farther: distance. 
Further: quantity.

Fewer: modifies plural nouns specifying countable units, e.g., fewer tubes. 
Less: modifies singular mass nouns and singular abstract nouns, e.g., less air.

Imply: something suggested though not expressed.
Infer: something deduced from the evidence.

Number: a large number of people. 
Amount: a large amount of water.

Principal: chief, main, most important (adjective). 
Principle: a rule (noun).

Precede: come before. 
Proceed: continue, advance.

That: (defining, restrictive).
Which: (nondefining, nonrestrictive)